יומא דף כח

והרי אברים ופדרים! סוף עבודה דיממא היא. והרי תרומת הדשן! תחילת עבודה דיממא היא, דאמר רבי יוחנן: קדש ידיו לתרומת הדשן, למחר אינו צריך לקדש,

The Gemara expresses wonder at Rabbi Zeira’s equation of these two issues: But isn’t there the burning of the limbs and the fats? The Gemara answers: That is not difficult, because the burning of the limbs and the fats is the end of the daytime service. The Gemara asks further: But isn’t there the removal of the ashes? The Gemara rejects that argument: Removing the ashes is the start of the daytime service, as Rabbi Yoḥanan said: If a priest sanctified his hands at night by washing them for the removal of the ashes, the next day, i.e., after daybreak, he need not sanctify his hands again, as he already sanctified them at the start of the service. Rabbi Zeira’s equation between services that are incomplete by themselves and services for which a non-priest does not incur the death penalty therefore remains intact. If so, the question that he asked concerning Rabbi Yoḥanan’s statement remains difficult.

שכבר קדש מתחלת עבודה. אלא קשיא!

אלא: אי אתמר, הכי אתמר: אמר רבי אסי אמר רבי יוחנן: זר שסידר שני גזירי עצים — חייב, הואיל ועבודה תמה היא.

Rather, Rabbi Yoḥanan’s statement must be revised, and one must posit that when it was stated, this is how it was stated: Rabbi Asi said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: A non-priest who arranges the two logs is liable to receive the death penalty, since it is a service that is complete, i.e., it is not followed and completed by a subsequent service. Although the burning of the limbs upon the altar follows the placement of the logs, that is considered to be an independent act, not the completion of the service of placing the logs. This is because the placing of the logs is done while still night, while the burning of the limbs cannot be done until daybreak.

מתקיף לה רבא: אלא מעתה תבעי פייס! ולא בעיא פייס? והתניא: מי שזכה בתרומת הדשן — יזכה בסידור שני גזירי עצים!

Rava strongly objects to this: However, if that is so, the service of placing the two logs should require a lottery. The Gemara expresses surprise at Rava’s comment: And doesn’t it require a lottery? Wasn’t it taught in a baraita: Whoever was privileged to perform the removal of the ashes is also privileged to perform the arrangement of the two logs? There was in fact a lottery for arranging the two logs.

הכי קאמר: יפייסו לה בפני עצמה! כדאמרינן.

Rather, this is what Rava actually said: If placing the logs is considered a complete service and is therefore a task important enough to warrant the death penalty for a non-priest who performs it, they should hold a separate lottery for it by itself. The Gemara answers: It is as we said at the beginning of the chapter, that the task of placing the logs was added to the lottery for the removal of ashes as an incentive for the priests to rise before dawn (Rabbeinu Ḥananel).

למימרא דעבודה תמה וזר חייב עליה מיתה — בעיא פייס, אין זר חייב עליה מיתה — לא בעיא פייס? והרי שחיטה! שאני שחיטה, דתחילת עבודה דיממא היא.

Based on Rava’s comments, the Gemara asks: Is that to say that any service that is a complete service and for which a non-priest would be liable to receive the death penalty requires a lottery, but if a non-priest would not be liable to receive the death penalty it would not require a lottery? But isn’t there slaughtering, which may be performed by non-priest and yet requires a lottery? The Gemara rejects this point: Slaughtering is different, because it is the beginning of the daytime service, which gives it added importance.

למימרא דעבודה תמה — בעיא פייס, עבודה שיש אחריה עבודה — לא בעיא פייס? והרי אברים ופדרים! סוף עבודה דיממא היא. הרי תרומת הדשן? משום מעשה שהיה.

The Gemara asks further on Rava’s statement: Is that to say that a service that is complete requires a lottery, whereas a service which is followed by a subsequent service that completes it does not require a lottery? But isn’t there the burning of the limbs and the fats? The Gemara answers: That is not difficult because the burning of the limbs and the fats is the end of the daytime service. The Gemara asks: Isn’t there the removal of the ashes? The Gemara answers: A lottery was established for that service only due to the incident that occurred when the priests came to danger.

אמר מר זוטרא ואיתימא רב אשי: אף אנן נמי תנינא: אמר להם הממונה צאו וראו אם הגיע זמן השחיטה. ואילו ״זמן סידור גזירי עצים״ לא קתני.

As explained above, the reason Rabbi Yoḥanan holds that the arrangement of the logs is a complete service, and is not considered a prelude to the burning of limbs, is because the former is a nighttime service and the latter is a daytime service. Mar Zutra, and some say Rav Ashi, said: We too have learned in a mishna that the arrangement of the two logs is a nighttime service. As we learned: The appointed priest said to them: Go out and see if the time for slaughtering has arrived, whereas the mishna did not teach: See whether the time for arranging the two logs has arrived. This shows that arranging the logs may be done while it is still night; it is therefore not considered to be connected to, and complemented by, the placing of the limbs the following day.

הך דלית לה תקנתא — קתני, הך דאית לה תקנתא — לא קתני.

The Gemara rejects this proof: The reason the mishna mentions slaughtering is that it prefers to teach this statement with regard to that which has no rectification if it is done at night, such as slaughtering the offering, which is rendered irreparably invalid if performed before daybreak. It does not want to teach it with regard to something that has rectification if done at night, such as arranging the two logs, which can always be removed and replaced properly. However, it is possible that the proper time for arranging the logs is daytime, and therefore it may be regarded as a service that is completed by the subsequent burning of limbs on the altar.

הדרן עלך בראשונה

אמר להם הממונה: צאו וראו אם הגיע זמן השחיטה. אם הגיע, הרואה אומר: ״ברקאי״. מתיא בן שמואל אומר: ״האיר פני כל המזרח עד שבחברון?״ והוא אומר:

MISHNA: The appointed priest said to the other priests: Go out and observe if it is day and the time for slaughter has arrived. If the time has arrived, the observer says: There is light [barkai]. Matya ben Shmuel says that the appointed priest phrased his question differently: Is the entire eastern sky illuminated even to Hebron? And the observer says: Yes. And why did they need to ascertain whether or not it is day, which is typically evident to all? It was necessary, as once, the light of the moon rose, and they imagined that the eastern sky was illuminated with sunlight, and they slaughtered the daily offering before its appropriate time. The animal was later taken out to the place designated for burning and burned because it was slaughtered too early. In order to prevent similar errors in the future, the Sages instituted that they would carefully assess the situation until they were certain that it was day.

״הן!״ ולמה הוצרכו לכך? שפעם אחת עלה מאור הלבנה, ודימו שהאיר מזרח, ושחטו את התמיד, והוציאוהו לבית השריפה.

הורידו כהן גדול לבית הטבילה. זה הכלל היה במקדש: כל המיסך את רגליו — טעון טבילה, וכל המטיל מים — טעון קידוש ידים ורגלים.

After the priests announced the start of the day, they led the High Priest down to the Hall of Immersion. The Gemara comments: This was the principle in the Temple: Anyone who covers his legs, a euphemism for defecating, requires immersion afterward; and anyone who urinates requires sanctification of the hands and feet with water from the basin afterward.

גמ׳ תניא, רבי ישמעאל אומר: ״ברק ברקאי״. רבי עקיבא אומר: ״עלה ברקאי״. נחומא בן אפקשיון אומר: ״אף ברקאי בחברון״. מתיא בן שמואל (אומר): הממונה על הפייסות אומר:

GEMARA: It was taught in a baraita that the Sages disputed the precise expression that was employed in the Temple. Rabbi Yishmael says that the formula is: The light flashed; Rabbi Akiva says: The light has risen, which is brighter than a mere flash. Naḥuma ben Apakshiyon says: There is even light in Hebron. Matya ben Shmuel says that the appointed priest in charge of the lotteries says: The entire eastern sky is illuminated all the way to Hebron. Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira says that this is what the appointed priest said: The entire eastern sky is illuminated all the way to Hebron and the entire nation has gone out, each and every person to engage in his labor.

״האיר פני כל המזרח עד שבחברון״. רבי יהודה בן בתירא אומר: ״האיר פני כל המזרח עד בחברון, ויצאו כל העם איש איש למלאכתו״.

אי הכי, נגה ליה טובא? לשכור פועלים קאמרינן.

The Gemara questions Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira’s version of the formula: If it is so that the people have gone to work, it has grown considerably lighter. People go to work after it is light. Apparently, Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira is referring to a time after sunrise, not a time adjacent to dawn. The Gemara answers: It is that people have gone out to hire workers that we are saying. Owners of fields rose early, adjacent to dawn, to hire workers so that they could begin working when it is light.

אמר רב ספרא: צלותיה דאברהם, מכי משחרי כותלי.

§ Rav Safra said: The time for the afternoon prayer of Abraham begins from when the walls begin to blacken from shade. When the sun begins to descend from the middle of the sky, producing shadows on the walls, that marks the beginning of the setting of the sun and then the afternoon prayer may be recited.

אמר רב יוסף: אנן מאברהם ניקום וניגמר?! אמר רבא: תנא גמר מאברהם ואנן לא גמרינן מיניה?! דתניא: ״וביום השמיני ימול בשר ערלתו״, מלמד שכל היום כשר למילה,

Rav Yosef said: And will we arise and derive a halakha from Abraham? Didn’t Abraham live before the Torah was given to the Jewish people, and therefore halakhot cannot be derived from his conduct? Rava said: The tanna derived a halakha from Abraham’s conduct, and we do not derive a halakha from his conduct? As it was taught in a baraita with regard to the verse: “And on the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised” (Leviticus 12:3), this verse teaches that the entire day is suitable for performance of the mitzva of circumcision. However, the vigilant are early in their performance of mitzvot and circumcise in the morning, as it is stated with regard to the binding of Isaac: “And Abraham arose early in the morning and saddled his donkey” (Genesis 22:3). He awakened early to fulfill the mitzva without delay. Apparently, halakha is derived from the conduct of Abraham.

אלא שהזריזין מקדימין למצות, שנאמר: ״וישכם אברהם בבקר ויחבוש וגו׳״.

אלא אמר רבא: רב יוסף הא קא קשיא ליה. דתנן: חל ערבי פסחים להיות בערב שבת, נשחט בשש ומחצה, וקרב בשבע ומחצה. ונשחטיה מכי משחרי כותלי!

Rather, Rava said: With regard to Rav Yosef, it was not the matter of deriving halakha from the conduct of Abraham that is difficult. Rather, this is difficult for him, as we learned in a mishna: When Passover eves occur on Shabbat eves, the daily afternoon offering is slaughtered at six and a half hours of the day and sacrificed on the altar at seven and a half hours. The afternoon offering was slaughtered as early as possible to enable all the Paschal lambs, which were slaughtered after the daily afternoon offering was sacrificed, to be slaughtered and roasted before sunset, so that no labor would be performed on Shabbat. Now, if indeed this halakha is derived from the conduct of Abraham, let us slaughter the offering even earlier, from when the walls begin to blacken, just after the end of the sixth hour of the day. Apparently, halakha is not derived from the conduct of Abraham.

מאי קושיא? ודילמא כותלי דבית המקדש בשש ומחצה משחרי, משום דלא מכווני טובא. אי נמי, שאני אברהם דאיצטגנינות גדולה היתה בלבו. אי נמי, משום דזקן ויושב בישיבה הוה.

The Gemara rejects this: What is the difficulty? Perhaps the walls of the Temple begin to blacken only at six and a half hours of the day because they are not perfectly aligned. The Temple walls were broad at the bottom and gradually narrowed as they reached the top; therefore, the upper part of the wall did not cast a shadow on the wall opposite it until six and a half hours of the day. Or, alternatively, it is different with regard to Abraham because there was great knowledge of astronomy [itztagninut] in his heart. He was able to precisely calculate the movements of the heavenly bodies and was therefore able to discern immediately after noon that the sun had begun its descent. Others require a half hour to be certain that the descent of the sun has begun. Or, alternatively Abraham was different because he was an Elder and sat and studied Torah in a yeshiva, where the Divine Presence rests. There he developed the expertise to determine the precise hour. As Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: From the days of our ancestors, yeshiva never left them. Our ancestors were leaders of their generations, who taught Torah to students who came to them.

דאמר רבי חמא ברבי חנינא: מימיהן של אבותינו לא פרשה ישיבה מהם.

היו במצרים — ישיבה עמהם, שנאמר: ״לך ואספת את זקני ישראל״. היו במדבר — ישיבה עמהם, שנאמר: ״אספה לי שבעים איש מזקני ישראל״. אברהם אבינו,

When they were in Egypt there was a yeshiva with them, as it is stated: “Go and gather the Elders of Israel” (Exodus 3:16), indicating that there were Sages among them who studied Torah. And similarly, when they were in the desert, there was a yeshiva with them, as it is stated: “Gather for me seventy men from the Elders of Israel” (Numbers 11:16). Abraham our Patriarch was himself an Elder and would sit in yeshiva, as it is stated: “And Abraham was old, advanced in years” (Genesis 24:1). From the apparent redundancy of the terms old and advanced in years, it is derived that old means that he was a wise Elder and prominent in Torah, and advanced in years means that he was elderly. Similarly, Isaac our Patriarch was an Elder and sat in yeshiva, as it is stated: “And it came to pass when Isaac was old and his eyes were dim” (Genesis 27:1). Similarly, Jacob our Patriarch was an Elder and sat in yeshiva, as it is stated: “And Israel’s eyes were heavy with age” (Genesis 48:10).

זקן ויושב בישיבה, שנאמר: ״ואברהם זקן בא בימים״. יצחק אבינו, זקן ויושב בישיבה היה, שנאמר: ״ויהי כי זקן יצחק״. יעקב אבינו, זקן ויושב בישיבה היה, שנאמר:

״ועיני ישראל כבדו מזוקן״.

אליעזר עבד אברהם, זקן ויושב בישיבה היה, שנאמר: ״ויאמר אברהם אל עבדו זקן ביתו המשל בכל אשר לו״, אמר רבי אלעזר: שמושל בתורת רבו.

Eliezer, servant of Abraham, was an Elder and sat in yeshiva, as it is stated: “And Abraham said to his servant, the elder of his household, who ruled over all he had” (Genesis 24:2). Rabbi Elazar said: The verse means that he had mastery over the Torah of his master, having gained proficiency in all of the Torah of Abraham. That is the meaning of the verse: “He is Damascus [Dammesek] Eliezer” (Genesis 15:2). Rabbi Elazar said: The word Dammesek is a contraction of he who draws [doleh] and gives drink [mashke] to others from his master’s Torah.

״הוא דמשק אליעזר״ — אמר רבי אלעזר: שדולה ומשקה מתורתו של רבו לאחרים.

אמר רב: קיים אברהם אבינו כל התורה כולה, שנאמר: ״עקב אשר שמע אברהם בקולי וגו׳״. אמר ליה רב שימי בר חייא לרב: ואימא שבע מצות?

Apropos the previous statement, the Gemara cites that Rav said: Abraham our Patriarch fulfilled the entire Torah before it was given, as it is stated: “Because [ekev] Abraham hearkened to My voice and kept My charge, My mitzvot, My statutes and My Torahs” (Genesis 26:5). Rav Shimi bar Ḥiyya said to Rav: And say that the verse means that he fulfilled only the seven Noahide mitzvot and not the entire Torah. The Gemara asks: But isn’t there also circumcision that Abraham clearly observed, which is not one of the Noahide laws? Apparently, Abraham fulfilled more than just those seven. The Gemara asks: And say that he fulfilled only the seven mitzvot and circumcision. Rav said to him: If so, why do I need the continuation of the verse, that Abraham kept: My mitzvot and My Torah? That is a clear indication that he fulfilled mitzvot beyond the seven Noahide mitzvot, and apparently fulfilled the entire Torah.

הא איכא נמי מילה! ואימא שבע מצות ומילה! אמר ליה: אם כן ״מצותי ותורותי״ למה לי?

אמר (רב), ואיתימא רב אשי: קיים אברהם אבינו אפילו עירובי תבשילין, שנאמר: ״תורותי״, אחת תורה שבכתב ואחת תורה שבעל פה.

Rav said, and some say Rav Ashi said: Abraham our Patriarch fulfilled the entire Torah, even the mitzva of the joining of cooked foods, a rabbinic ordinance instituted later, as it is stated: My Torahs. Since the term is in the plural, it indicates that Abraham kept two Torahs; one, the Written Torah, and one, the Oral Torah. In the course of fulfilling the Oral Torah, he fulfilled all the details and parameters included therein.

מתיא בן שמואל אומר וכו׳ והוא אומר הן. מאן אמר ״הן״? אילימא הך דקאי אאיגרא — הוא חלים והוא מפשר?! אלא הך דקאי אארעא, מנא ידע?

§ It was taught in the mishna that Matya ben Shmuel says that the appointed priest asks: Is the entire eastern sky illuminated even to Hebron? And he says: Yes. The Gemara asks: Who said yes? If we say it is that person who is standing on the roof, does he dream and also interpret his dream? Is it reasonable that the one asking the question answers it? Rather, say that it was that person who is standing on the ground who said yes. From where does he know that the sky is illuminated such that he is able to answer yes?

איבעית אימא — הך דקאי אארעא, ואיבעית אימא — הך דקאי אאיגרא. איבעית אימא הך דקאי אאיגרא, אמר איהו: ״האיר פני כל המזרח!״,

The Gemara suggests two possible solutions: If you wish, say it was that person who is standing on the ground who answered yes, and if you wish, say it was that person who is standing on the roof who answered. If you wish, say that the person who is standing on the roof said: The entire eastern sky is illuminated. And that person who is standing on the ground said to him: Has it illuminated even to Hebron? And he who is standing on the roof said to him: Yes.

ואמר ליה הך דקאי אארעא: ״עד שבחברון?״, ואמר ליה איהו: ״הן!״.

ואיבעית אימא הך דקאי אארעא, אמר איהו: ״האיר פני כל המזרח?״, ואמר ליה: ״עד שבחברון?״, ואמר ליה: ״הן!״.

And if you wish, say instead that the person who is standing on the ground said: Is the entire eastern sky illuminated? And he who is standing on the roof said to him: Do you mean that it is illuminated even to Hebron? And he who is standing on the ground said to him: Yes, that is what I mean.

ולמה הוצרכו לכך וכו׳. ומי מיחלף? והתניא, רבי אומר: אינו דומה תימור של לבנה לתימור של חמה. תימור של לבנה מתמר ועולה כמקל,

§ The mishna asks: And why did they need to ascertain this? The mishna answered that there was an incident where they confused the light of the moon with the light of the rising sun and slaughtered the daily morning offering too early. The Gemara asks: And are sunlight and moonlight mistaken for one another? Wasn’t it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: A column of the light of the moon is not similar to a column of the light of the sun; a column of the light of the moon rises like a staff in one column while a column of the light of the sun diffuses to here and to there? The Gemara answers that the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: It was a cloudy day, and then even the moonlight diffuses to here and to there, which caused them to err and believe that it was the rising sun. Rav Pappa said: Learn from this statement of Rabbi Yishmael that a cloudy day is similar to a completely sunny day because the sunlight is further diffused by the clouds.

תימור של חמה מפציע לכאן ולכאן. תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל: יום המעונן היה, ומפציע לכאן ולכאן. אמר רב פפא, שמע מינה: יומא דעיבא כוליה שמשא.

למאי נפקא מינה? לשטוחי עורות. אי נמי לכדדרש רבא: אשה לא תלוש לא בחמה ולא בחמי חמה.

The Gemara asks: What are the practical ramifications of the statement that a cloudy day is similar to a completely sunny day? The Gemara explains: The ramifications are with regard to spreading hides to dry them. On a cloudy day, wherever the hides are placed they will be exposed to sunlight. Alternatively, the ramifications are according to that which Rava taught with regard to matza: A woman may neither knead dough for matza for Passover in the light of the sun nor may she prepare the dough with hot water heated in the sun. On a cloudy day, one may not knead the dough anywhere outside since the light of the sun is diffused everywhere.

אמר רב נחמן: זוהמא דשימשא קשי משימשא, וסימניך: דנא דחלא. שברירי דשימשא קשו משימשא, וסימניך: דילפא.

Apropos a cloudy day, the Gemara cites that Rav Naḥman said: The hazy light of the sun through the clouds is more damaging than the light of the sun itself. And your mnemonic is the cover of a jar of vinegar: As long as the jar is tightly closed, the odor of the vinegar does not spread and it intensifies. Even the slightest opening in the lid releases an odor more powerful than the odor generated by vinegar that was not sealed in a jar. The same is true with regard to the rays of the sun. With regard to sunlight that is obscured behind clouds, when it escapes through breaks in the clouds it is more powerful than direct sunlight. Dazzling sunlight, which shines through cracks in the clouds, is more harmful to the eyes than direct sunlight. And your mnemonic is a drip; water that drips on a person is more bothersome than water in which one completely immerses his body.